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History of Dawson City, Yukon Territory
by Ken
Spotswood
Following the historic discovery of gold on Bonanza Creek in August of 1896,
In two years it became the largest city in Canada west of Winnipeg with a
population that fluctuated between 30,000 and 40,000 people – not as large as
Seattle, but much larger than Victoria or Vancouver.
Its founder was
Joe Ladue, a
former prospector-turned-outfitter who was on the scene early. He knew from
experience that merchants in gold camps prospered more than miners. He had a
sawmill at the mining camp of Sixtymile and, while miners staked their claims,
Ladue staked out a townsite instead.
Anticipating the coming building boom, Ladue rafted his sawmill to the new
townsite, which he had already named Dawson City, in honor of George M. Dawson,
a government geologist who helped survey the boundary between Alaska and the
Northwest Territories.
"I commenced erecting the first house in that region on September 1st, 1896,"
Ladue wrote later. "Within six months from that date there were over 500 houses
erected, which included stores, supply stations, hotels, restaurants, saloons
and residences."
Fortune smiled on Ladue. Everyone bought his lumber. He owned 160 acres, the
government owned 22 acres, and his home doubled as
It happened fast, and the pace never let up as wave after wave of gold-seekers
arrived. With them came the characters who transformed
Some reports contained accurate facts and descriptions while others were
embellished, exaggerated or contained complete falsehoods. Later in their
memoirs, many sourdoughs colored their experiences and observations the way
some miners 'colored' their pokes of gold dust with brass filings.
There were miseries and tragedies along the various trails as thousands of
stampeders rushed to the
To many early writers,
Some
of its residents dined on champagne, oysters and caviar for breakfast, while
others existed on stale bread, lard and tea. While many ate beans three times a
day, many more went hungry. Society matrons held lavish tea parties and served canapes on
More fortunes were won and lost in the gambling halls of
Constables of the North-West Mounted Police earned $1.25 a day. They worked long
and hard to maintain law and order through the rush. Dance-hall girls and
prostitutes also worked long and hard, and they earned ten times more money.
In its early years, fire was the greatest threat to the town.
The town was only a year old when its first major fire occurred on Thanksgiving
Day, November 25, 1897. The temperature was 58 degrees below zero when a blaze
broke out in the M & N Saloon after a dance-hall girl threw a burning lamp at a
rival. The blaze destroyed two saloons and the Opera House.
The second occurred on October 14, 1898. Ironically, it was started by the same
dance hall girl who had left a candle burning on a block of wood. Flames
consumed two hotels, the post office and most of
In February of 1899, fire destroyed nine buildings, but the worst inferno
erupted in April--during a strike by firemen--when the temperature was 45
degrees below zero. It started in the Bodega Hotel on
On January
10, 1900, the business district was wiped out again by a fire that started in
the Monte Carlo Theatre and spread through the saloons and music halls on both
sides of
Prior to the heyday of 1898, a community of cabins and tents had begun to take
shape. Reactions of newcomers varied, but their first impressions were the same:
After the river ice went out in May of 1898, the first small boats appeared in
early June. The trickle became an armada as they arrived by the hundreds. In the
weeks that followed, the hundreds became thousands as riverboats arrived on the
scene, all loaded down with supplies and equipment.
As people poured into
Corner lots sold for as much as $20,000. The price of
Agents of the Bank of British North America arrived and began doing business in
a tent in May. David Doig, the manager, lived lavishly. He enjoyed whisky,
cigars and women, dined on oysters and caviar and habitually drank a pint of
champagne at breakfast.
The
Bank of Commerce opened its doors a month later with one million dollars in bank
notes which they exchanged for gold dust and nuggets. The million lasted only
two weeks, when the bank shipped out $750,000 in gold.
The banks also gave loans at 24 percent or more, even though they could legally
charge no more than seven percent.
By summer more than 20 saloons were operating, which prompted the American
consul to quip that they were the only businesses that could afford the
astronomical rents and real estate prices.
Newspapers were among the first companies to establish themselves. Other smaller
businesses included butchers, bakers, grocers, clothiers, tobacconists,
blacksmiths, brothels, gambling halls and no less than 22 saloons. Six sawmills
couldn't keep up with the demand for lumber.
A meal that cost 15-cents in
It was inevitable that the new arrivals became disillusioned when they learned
that the gold-bearing creeks had all been staked. Speculators had claimed the
rest. Many had come expecting to find nuggets on the ground. They had spent
everything and exhausted themselves getting there. When they looked for work,
the surplus of laborers had driven wages down, while the demand for food and
clothing had sent prices soaring. Hundreds began selling their outfits in a
24-hour bazaar along the waterfront, to pay for their passage home.
By the summer of 1898 the carnival atmosphere gave way to the raw reality of
heat, mosquitoes, mud, filth, stench and disease. Horses got stuck in the muck
of the streets and wagons sank up to their axles. Pedestrians waded knee-deep
through what writer T.C. Down described as "this festering mass of putrid
muskeg."
Typhoid broke out in July and was rampant throughout the summer. The town's two
small hospitals were filled to capacity.
By this time the federal government had created a separate
A fire
department was organized, a city engineer was appointed to construct drainage
ditches, regulations were made for garbage disposal and drinking water.
Squatters and their debris were evicted from the waterfront and action was begun
on public works, nuisances, hospitals, burials and the licensing of theatres and
other businesses.
The churches of
The North-West Mounted Police instilled law and order, which confounded many
Americans. They expected the anarchy of American mining camps, and were shocked
to learn that handguns were illegal in
Environmental laws, however, hadn't been invented yet. In the spring of 1899
when the river ice was due to go out, government officials ordered the town's
garbage piled out on the ice. At breakup the
Just when order was being created out of all the turmoil, a major gold discovery
was made in
As the
A solid core of permanent residents refused to leave. They stayed on to
supervise the town's continued, if sporadic, development. That same core exists
there today, with a year-round population of about 2,000 people. To them, |
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